Air Quality Trends in Texas and Colorado Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Development

Gunnar Schade
Associate Professor
Texas A&M University

The overall goal of this study is to determine trends in the atmospheric concentrations of methane and non-methane hydrocarbons at eleven locations in the Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Barnett, and Permian regions of Texas and six locations in the Denver-Julesburg region of Colorado. The research team is using air quality monitoring data that date back as far as 1997 at one of the Texas locations, including:

  1. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ambient air quality data collected in proximity and downwind of oil and gas production. 
  2. Air quality data from the Colorado Department of Public Health & Environmental, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
  3. Administration, and from a Northern Colorado Front Range Regional Government Coalition.
  4. Satellite-based measurements of formaldehyde above the Permian basin as a proxy for non-methane hydrocarbon emissions in the last 10 years.

The research team is separating long-term trends from seasonal and other short-term variations and is seeking to understand whether any observed trends are the result of changes in oil and gas operations or significant disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns in 2020.

Schade Study Locations

Schade Study Locations

 

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Research Team

Gunnar Schade
Associate Professor
Texas A&M University

Project Updates

Schade Quarterly Update - March 2025

Air Quality Trends in Texas and Colorado Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Development

Gunnar Schade

The overall goal of this study is to determine trends in the atmospheric concentrations of methane and non-methane hydrocarbons at eleven locations in the Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Barnett, and Permian regions of Texas and six locations in the Denver-Julesburg region of Colorado. The research team is using air quality monitoring data that date back as far as 1997 at one of the Texas locations, including:

  1. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ambient air quality data collected in proximity and downwind of oil and gas production. 
  2. Air quality data from the Colorado Department of Public Health & Environmental, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
  3. Administration, and from a Northern Colorado Front Range Regional Government Coalition.
  4. Satellite-based measurements of formaldehyde above the Permian basin as a proxy for non-methane hydrocarbon emissions in the last 10 years.

The research team is separating long-term trends from seasonal and other short-term variations and is seeking to understand whether any observed trends are the result of changes in oil and gas operations or significant disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns in 2020.

What's Happened

  • Completed data downloads for all air monitoring sites in Texas and Colorado and multi-site comparisons were initiated.
  • Began conducting trend analyses of the air monitoring data on ethane which is being studied as an indicator of oil and gas development, for both Texas and Colorado.
  • Used NOAA HYSPLIT trajectories to select and validate wind sector classifications to understand the effect of wind on emissions from oil and gas operations vs. non-oil and gas related emissions and compared trajectories with wind direction measurement methods at oil and gas sites.

What's New

  • Completing trend analysis of air monitoring data in Texas and Colorado with a focus on ethane, propane, benzene, and nitrous oxides (NOx).
  • Completing quality control for NOx  data to account for negative data
  • Comparing trend analyses for all sites. 
     

What's Next

  • Complete satellite data analyses.
  • Complete statistical and trend analyses.
  • Compare air quality trends with regional oil and gas production data.
  • Share methods, results, and study conclusions in a final report with the HEI Energy Research Committee.
  • Present findings in a poster at the May 2025 HEI Annual Conference in Austin, TX.
     
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Figure 1: Comparative abundance of ethane across all Colorado sites except BAO. State data (PLV) have a longer record, and are taken closer to oil&gas production areas inside the DJB.

Schade Quarterly Update - December 2024

Air Quality Trends in Texas and Colorado Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Development

Gunnar Schade

The overall goal of this study is to determine trends in the atmospheric concentrations of methane and non-methane hydrocarbons at eleven locations in the Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Barnett, and Permian regions of Texas and six locations in the Denver-Julesburg region of Colorado. The research team is using air quality monitoring data that date back as far as 1997 at one of the Texas locations, including:

  1. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ambient air quality data collected in proximity and downwind of oil and gas production. 
  2. Air quality data from the Colorado Department of Public Health & Environmental, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
  3. Administration, and from a Northern Colorado Front Range Regional Government Coalition.
  4. Satellite-based measurements of formaldehyde above the Permian basin as a proxy for non-methane hydrocarbon emissions in the last 10 years.

The research team is separating long-term trends from seasonal and other short-term variations and is seeking to understand whether any observed trends are the result of changes in oil and gas operations or significant disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns in 2020.

What's Happened

  • Downloaded monitoring station data and completed quality assurance measures, such as considering the data quality flags provided by TCEQ, the correlations between compounds, and the consistency of time series.
  • Began data analysis by analyzing meteorological data to evaluate year-over-year consistency of conditions at the monitoring sites.
  • Plotted monthly chemical concentration statistics for individual sites, such as the mean and standard deviation, of NMHC time series data with focus on ethane, propane, and benzene (Figure 1a, site location: Boulder Reservoir [BRZ]).
  • Created monthly plots illustrating chemical concentrations at individual sites (e.g., Figure 1b represents site “Longmont Union Reservoir [LUR]” in combination with “methane”)
  • Completed de-seasoned trend modeling to understand changes in oil and gas production activity data.

 

What's New

  • Using NOAA HYSPLIT trajectories to assess whether pollutants may be related to the oil and gas sector.
  • Producing and evaluating finalized plots for sites and NMHC species.
  • Comparing NOAA HYSPLIT trajectories for selected oil and gas regions and regions relatively unaffected by oil and gas development.
  • Conducting exploratory data analysis at selected sites to determine the best approach to identify factors of oil and gas operations in air quality trend analysis.

What's Next

  • Finalize explorational plotting and provide overviews of the data at each site
  • Conduct a comparison of pollutant levels during COVID-19 shutdown periods versus non-shutdown years to assess the impact of reduced human-based activities.
  • Acquire the necessary satellite data to begin exploring Permian Basin NMHC trends.
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Schade

Figure 1

Schade Quarterly Update - September 2024

Air Quality Trends in Texas and Colorado Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Development

Gunnar Schade

The overall goal of this study is to determine trends in the atmospheric concentrations of methane and non-methane hydrocarbons at eleven locations in the Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Barnett, and Permian regions of Texas and six locations in the Denver-Julesburg region of Colorado. The research team is using air quality monitoring data that date back as far as 1997 at one of the Texas locations, including:

  1. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ambient air quality data collected in proximity and downwind of oil and gas production. 
  2. Air quality data from the Colorado Department of Public Health & Environmental, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
  3. Administration, and from a Northern Colorado Front Range Regional Government Coalition.
  4. Satellite-based measurements of formaldehyde above the Permian basin as a proxy for non-methane hydrocarbon emissions in the last 10 years.

The research team is separating long-term trends from seasonal and other short-term variations and is seeking to understand whether any observed trends are the result of changes in oil and gas operations or significant disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns in 2020.

What's Happened

  • Completed the Quality Assurance/Quality Control plan for the study, which has been approved by the HEI Energy Research Committee.
  • Presented the rationale for the study and research plan in a poster session at HEI's 2024 Annual Conference.

What's New

  • Coordinating research activities with Boulder Air.

What's Next

  • Download data from monitoring stations.
  • Acquire satellite data.